A welfare-state is a "concept of government in which the state plays a key
role in the protection and promotion of the economic and social well-being of
its citizens. It is based on the principles of equality of
opportunity,
equitable distribution of wealth, and public responsibility for those unable to
avail themselves of the minimal provisions for a good life.
Transportation in Norway |
Modern
welfare states include the Nordic countries, such as Iceland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark,
and Finland which
employ a system known as the Nordic model.
A friend
recently asked me how “workable” is the idea of a welfare state because in his
understanding you can’t empower anybody by giving him the fish. Since he is a
believer in the “fishing rod” way of doing things, I told him that what welfare
states do is to avail a huge fishing boat that hauls in thousands of fish at a
time. In the meanwhile the state keeps giving the individual the fish with the
knowledge that sooner rather than later s/he will jump in the boat to go
fishing because the temptation of enjoying the fruits of the boat load are much
more compelling than the incentives of sitting around and enjoying the benefits
of rationed fish. The boat in this instance signifying the high quality education
and all the social well-being benefits offered in Nordic welfare states which
rank as one of the best in the world.
Vito Laterza in
his article written for Al Jazeera argues that the indigenous economies and
social systems of Southern Africa in general and Swaziland in particular
haven’t been given enough space and time to prove their case as tangible
economies and social structures that could actually serve as alternative
economies especially for the areas in question. He later argues in a Blog that
such suppression of the local way of doing things is partly due to the
democracy imported from the north. He further argues that the reason that people
in Swaziland are not decisively calling for multi-party democracy is because
they have seen the unworkability of the system and they feel safer with the, “old
time religion”.
The
structuring of democratic institutions might differ and also it might be a
product of academia, but democracy in its essence is contained within the idea
of fairness, so it is not unequivocally true that it can be imported. The fact
that the call for multi-party democracy has been long in coming is because
there has been a state sponsored campaign since the time of king Sobhuza II, which
has worked day and night to demonise plurality, the schools have been used as
propaganda institutions, and all the media in Swaziland is state controlled. So
to say Swazis have not been heeding the call for democracy because they see
value in the present Tinkhundla system is not an honest assertion.
However
much I have tried to look at it, I have never really understood the concept of,
“African solutions for African problems”. But such a statement has come to
enjoy more legitimacy as the witch-hunt for the “imperialist” intensifies, and multinational
corporations are trotting the globe under the protection of sovereign flags. We
have been divided and ruled so many times that we too advocate for division as
a way of dealing with the colonial post traumatic side effects that present
themselves as hate rhetoric that is sold as self-assertion when in reality it
is the lessons that we have learned from
master that, “the only way to gain control is by setting up, racial, religious,
national, continental, and sexual groups”, which can then be asserted as
exceptional entities thereafter the philosophy
that hold one man superior and another inferior rages like wild fire.
When will we ever identify and assert ourselves as purely human beings and not
the schisms that we have limited ourselves to? We have been hijacked and
exploited by the global industrial complex and our search and rescue efforts
have been almost exclusively focused on Western governments and not the
multinational corporations that, in ignorant support we have - on our way to
the witch hunt - bought one commodity or the other sold by one or the other of
their myriad appendages.
The article
by Vito Laterza seems to suggest that there must be, “Swazi solutions for Swazi
problem”. Not to isolate the article
because there are those who believe that Swaziland will be liberated in a
bubble, oblivious of the global context, some of which being well-meaning
political activists. I am sure that Vito enjoys the security of a title deed
or the comfort of a lease agreement wherever he is dwelling, but he then
suggests that such comfort should not be enjoyed by Swazi people but that the
latter should be grateful for the privilege of occupying space at a “minimal”
fee. It is clear that this twisted “freedom
for the Nobles” and “freedom for the commoners” still lays latent within
collective thought, and now and again it presents itself as the, “more equal,
and less equal”, commodity that it is.
The
article, at arriving at this “gratitude” that Swazis should feel, bypasses an
integral part of the debate, which is that of Swazis being given back the land
they were disposed of by the royal family, the colonial administration and
foreign capital. As there is no credible documentation of who was disposed of
what, that an equal redistribution of certain portions of land to those willing
to work the land should be the first order of business. After such redress and
an informed stocktaking, after which it is then that the issue of welfare and
the extent thereof can be debated. The misconception has always been the
assumption that throwing wholesale charity at the problem will solve it. Well,
it has been done from the sixties by the West and clearly it is not working so
the idea that direct involvement in the economy must be the solution must be a
correct one because the throwing of the scraps in the direction of “the poor”
is obviously having an opposite effect of the desired result.
Having
commented on the article previously, I’m again compelled - by the author’s blog
which still maintains the claim that
kukhonta (land tenure where the chief gives of land in exchange for a lifetime of unquestioning loyal indenture) has legitimacy in the future of Swaziland. To argue that kukhonta
system is not only not similar to a welfare-state system but that it is an
antithesis of the system, especially the Nordic Model.
Even
though the article goes a long way into outlining the state of affairs in Swaziland,
it falls short of selling its thrust point which is that of presenting the kukhonta tenure system as some form of
welfare-state system. What the article misses is that the welfare state system
‘s main selling point is not grounded in charity but providing means to fall
back onto before, in between, and after productive involvement in the economy of
any given individual and how the social structures ensures that such an
individual does not disintegrate into a statistic. The fact that the kukhonta system with its allocation of
limited land barely addresses sustenance production which is not even a whisper
of the real welfare-state system which goes beyond the economical need and
addresses the myriad aspects of social well-being.
Actually
to insinuate that any aspect of the Tinkhundla system somehow resembles a
welfare-state system, especially the Nordic Model, comes across as an insult to
real welfare if we consider that even the meagre elderly grant was historically
founded as a tool to enforce loyalty and not a genuine means to address the
plight of the elderly, which is evidenced in uncaring manner in which the
initiative has been handled by the Tinkhundla regime where the initial value of
the grant has drastically decreased even after an increase of 10%.
In my
opinion Finland is one of the countries that serve as an example of a welfare
system gone fantastically right, or rather a welfare state system that has been
excellently managed and administered. The
Finns make sure that all children get fed by providing free meals at school.
They subsidize student travel, which they feel is a major part of the education
process. 93% of Finns graduate from high school. All teachers in Finland must
have a masters degree, which is fully subsidized. The United Nations World
Happiness Report 2013 shows that the happiest nations are concentrated
in Northern Europe, with Denmark topping the list. The Nordics ranked
highest on the metrics of real GDP per capita, healthy life expectancy, having
someone to count on, perceived freedom to make life choices, freedom from
corruption, and generosity.
For the
author of the article to put the Tinkhundla regime and the word “welfare” in
one sentence took me aback, and for him to further rally on a claim he hasn’t
conclusively argued, is in my opinion irresponsible because the reality is that
we are dealing with the livelihoods of people who on a daily basis have to
undergo one of the most poor living conditions seen on the globe today. It is
my hope that the author of the article can write a paper that conclusively
argues the claim that the kukhonta system carries any qualities of a welfare
system or retract his claims. Having grown up under the system and having
endured the nuances of its cruelty, it
is my opinion that his claims that the kukhonta system resembles a
welfare-state system are unfounded and cannot be substantiated but as debate is
such a free commodity, the author is more than welcome to argue his beliefs.
Just to
state the obvious that if the article written by Vito for Al Jazeera was to be
written by a Swazi activist and if such an activist were to find himself at arm’s
length of the Royal Swaziland Police, surely that wretched soul would be strapped
with handcuffs, slapped with a sedition charge and thrown into a filthy holding
cell; and that is a fact which is a regular occurrence in Swaziland, and the
only “welfare” given in Swazi prisons is meagre food rations, intimidation and
torture.